The adequate intake of micronutrients plays a decisive role for the mother, the unborn child, and the newborn, both before and during pregnancy, as well as during the breastfeeding period after birth. An appropriate supply of specific micronutrients can, for example, reduce the risk of birth defects, support fetal development, and maintain the mother’s health during pregnancy. The following sections outline important micronutrients and their specific benefits, based on scientifically backed health claims from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Folic acid / Folate (Vitamin B9)

Benefits: Taking folic acid before and during early pregnancy until the 12th week of pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects in the unborn child, such as spina bifida. Folic acid also supports the formation of the maternal placenta and is important for cell division. According to the information brochure “Recommendations for nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding“ from the Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), the amount of folate necessary to prevent malformations is usually not achieved through a balanced diet alone. Due to the severity of malformations, a daily intake of 400 µg of folic acid is therefore recommended.

Health Claim: Supplemental folate intake of at least 400 μg per daily dose increases folate levels in pregnant women. Low folate levels in pregnant women are a risk factor for the development of neural tube defects in the growing fetus.

Iron

Benefits: The expectant mother requires large amounts of iron for blood formation during pregnancy. Good sources of iron include meat and eggs. Plant-based foods such as whole grain products, legumes, nuts, and certain types of vegetables also contain iron, although it is less easily absorbed. The simultaneous consumption of foods rich in vitamin C, such as bell peppers, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kiwi, berries, and citrus fruits, can improve iron absorption.

Health Claim: According to the EFSA, iron contributes to the normal formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin, has a function in cell division, contributes to normal energy metabolism, and helps reduce tiredness and fatigue.

Iodine

Benefits: Iodine is crucial for thyroid function and the production of thyroid hormones, which are necessary for the growth and development of the fetus.

Health Claim: The EFSA confirms that iodine contributes to the normal production of thyroid hormones and normal thyroid function.

Vitamin D

Benefits: Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body, which is significant for the development of the child’s bones and the maintenance of teeth. It also supports the immune systems of both the child and the mother. With sufficient exposure to sunlight, it can be produced by the body itself. Vitamin D is hardly present in food, which leads to a widespread deficiency in Switzerland and other European countries according to health authorities. Monitoring vitamin D levels and determining the correct dosage should be handled by a professional.

Health Claim: According to the EFSA, vitamin D also contributes to the normal function of the immune system in children. It is required along with calcium for healthy growth and bone development in children. Vitamin D also contributes to the normal absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus.

Omega-3 fatty acids

Benefits: Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, are important for the development of the brain and eyes of the fetus and the child. An adequate daily intake of 200 mg of DHA—in addition to the recommended daily intake for adults—before and during pregnancy can promote the child’s development.

Health Claim: The EFSA recognizes that maternal intake of DHA contributes to the normal development of the eyes and brain in the fetus and the breastfed infant.

Conclusion

A balanced and micronutrient-rich diet before and during pregnancy, as well as during breastfeeding, can significantly contribute to the health and development of the child. It is important for expectant mothers to meet their requirements for essential micronutrients such as folic acid, iron, iodine, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids.

We recommend consulting a physician or a qualified nutritional advisor for personalized advice and to determine individual needs, ensuring that under- or over-dosage of micronutrients can be avoided.